Protective Systems of the Body

The human body is protected by several organ systems. One of them is the integumentary system.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system forms the body's outer protection. It includes the skin, hair and nails.

Skin

The skin performs many function for the body. It prevents the entry of harmful organisms and cushions the body from physical injury. It keeps water and salts from seeping out of the body. The skin is also a sense organ, hence, it has receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. It helps control body temperature and get rids of certain wastes through sweat.

Cell Structure and Function

Hey Guys you know that if you look at any of the organisms in your surroundings, you can easily identify their parts. Flowers and leaves are parts of a plant. Eyes and wings are parts of a bird, a dragonfly, a grasshopper, and a bee. Every boy and girl, has a nose, a pair of eyes, and cheeks.

Each of these parts are actually made up of still tinier parts called cells. You know that most of the cells are so small that they can only be seen with the use of a microscope.

Compound Microscope

In biology, microscopes are used to study organisms and their vital processes. Microscopes range from the very simple optical microscope to the very advanced electron microscope.

The microscope use today are quite different from Leeuwenhoek's single-lens magnifier. The most common type found in biology classroom is the light compound microscope. The light microscope is also called compound microscope because it uses two lenses to magnify objects. Compound microscopes have low depth perception but have high resolution and magnification.

Discovery of the Cell

A scientist named Robert Hooke was thee first person to use the term cells to refer to the tiny structures found in organisms. Around 1665, Hooke observed a piece of cork with the use of a microscope which he himself made. There he observed boxlike compartments in the cork. Hooke thought they looked like the small rooms or cells of old monasteries. He called these room-like structures in cork, cells. What Hooke really saw were the outer boundaries of the cells. They looked like empty boxes because the cells were dead.

Many other Scientists studied cells. In 1831 Robert Brown reported seeing small bodies in the cells he studied and called them nuclei (singular from nucleus) Years late in 1839, Johannes Purkinjie observed the complex fluid inside the cells and named it protoplasm.

Health and Medicine

Did You know that Biotechnology has also aided medical research in finding new and more effective cures for serious diseases and developing diagnostic tools to detect diseases in their early stages.

Researches on the use of Philippine plants with medical value are being done to promote self-reliance among the rural folks and to help reduce the adverse effect of the rising costs of medicine. The Studies deal with the preparation of drugs from the crude plant materials and from semi-pure and pure plant constituents.

There are the example, the technology for the production of lagundi, tsaang gubat, sambong, and yerba buena tablets has been transferred to a private pharmaceutical company for commercial scale production. Lagundi is a remedy for fever; tsaang gubat is antidiarrheal; sambong for cough; and yerba buena is a pain reliver. Another firm produces, under a certain brand name, 250 mg capsules containing malunggay which increases milk secretions of lactating mothers.

Cellular Basis OF Life

All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms consist of only one cell, others, more. Our body, for example, has billions of cells while elephants and whales have trillions of cells in their bodies.

Cells vary in size, shape, and function but their are parts and characteristics common to all of them. Furthermore, certain cells produce secretions which are used to promote health and improve food production. You will know more about them and the people who first gave us information about the cell.

Protecting Useful Organisms

Did You have seen how plants and animals depend on each other and how people, in turn, depend on the environment for their survival? You know that the interdependence of all living things (and even inanimate objects) requires that people do their share in conserving resources, maintaining equilibrium in nature, and contributing to a cleaner, safer and more productive world for the future generations. That's all!!

Liver

The liver has the multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into small intestine also pays an important role in digesting fat. In addition, the liver is the body's chemical "factory". It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all various chemicals the body needs the function. The liver is also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secrets many drugs.

Rectum

The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Centrosomes

The centrosomes are structures in the cell. They surround a pair of centrioles. These structures duplicate during inter phase and in pro phase. They move apart. You can observe the radiating micro tubules from them that form the mitotic spindle. They control the arrangement of micro tubules during cell division.

Light Reactions

* Occurs only when Light is present.
2. Takes place in grana / thylakoids.
3. Chlorophyll molecules trap light.
4. This cause their electron's to absorb much energy, became energized and start to flow.
5. Energy to flowing electron is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate- a high energy molecule.
6. Light Energy is charged to the energy flowing electron in turn changed to chemical energy in ATP.
7. Water enters the grana split into hydrogen & oxygen.
8. Hydrogen attaches to NADP becomes NADPH - a hydrogen carrier molecule.
9. While oxygen moves out through the stomata into the air.
10. The important products of light energy / reaction are ATP & NADPH, which are both needed in dark reaction takes place.

Key Ideas

Similarities
They all use glucose as starting material with aTP as-end product.


Differences
Oxygen is starting material in respiration but not in alcoholic and actic lacid fermentation.

Respiration produces more ATP compared to alcoholic and lactic fermentation.

Respiration produces carbon dioxide and water while alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid is produced by Lactic Acid fermentation.

Respiration is the most efficient because it produced ATP molecules. Respiration produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule compared to 2 ATP in alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentation.

The Three Major Steps in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, in aseries of reaction, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Energy released and trapped in two molecules of ATP. Pyruvate moves into the mitochondrion.

The second major reaction of respiration is called the Krebs Cycle. It is named after the scientist discovered the different steps in the cycle. The Krebs cycle takes place in the liquid part of the mitochondrion here, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) w/c is formed from pyruvate enters the cycle. Sveral substances are formed w/c are used again. But three products move out of the cycle. These are carbon dioxide w/c leaves cell, two molecules of ATP, and the hydrogen carrier, AH2.

AH2 passes into the cristae where the third major reaction occurs. AH2 break down into hydrogen and electrons (e). The electrons flow from one electron acceptor to another. As the electrons flow, energy is released forming a total of 32 ATP molecules. The last electron acceptor is oxygen w/c finally forms water with hydrogen.

The simple disscusion illustrates the gradual breaking down of the glucose molecule. Energy is slowly released and captured in ATP. For every molecule of glucose, a total number of 36 ATP molecules are formed.

Diffusion

An example of Passive transport is diffusion, the process by which particles spread through a liquid or, a gas medium. In diffusion, the net movement of particles is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. In cells, water and alcohol easily diffuse across the plasma membrane.

Types Of Fertilizers

Natural (organic) ~ made from decayed plants, animals & human waste. Useful in recycling soil nutrients & promotes the growth of helpful organisms.

Artificial (inorganic) ~ produced from petruleum based chemicals w/c are harmful from plants & microorganisms. Theey can also contaminate groundwater source.

Water Cycle

When there is a precipitation~whether rain, hail, or snow~water from the atmosphere falls to the Earth. Some of the water reaches the ground and travels to become part of lakes, rivers, or oceans. Other parts sink and form groundwater. Water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. This cycle transform water into different phases.

Science Ideas

* Microtome - is the instrument used to cut specimen very thinly in sude preparation.

* Microforceps - are used to move material and insert a new ones in cells.

* Microelectrodes - measure electric current within cell.

* Micromanipulator - translate arge movement of the hand into microscopic movement.

* Microdissection - is a method of replacing cell organelles like the nucleus to help determine it's function.

* Intermediate Filaments - are studied in the detection of possible origins of cancer.

* Smooth (E.R) - synthesis enzymes involved in detoxitification.

* Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm - are directly preservation of food.

Who Did It

This is the story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was an important job to be dore and Everybody was asked to do it. Everyone was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could dore it but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about this because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Nobody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody would not do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when actually Nobody accused Anybody.

Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

Plants use carbon dioxide in the air together with dissolved nutrients from the soil to manufacture their food. In the process, the plants produce glucose as stored energy and oxygen as a by-product. Consumers use the stored energy and its by-product. They release carbon dioxide during respiration. This release of carbon dioxide completes the carbon-dioxide completes the carbon- oxygen cycle.

Scientific Attitudes

The success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists that with a particular method. This attitude is one of the inquiry, experimentation, and humility before the facts. To expound on these attitudes, here are some inputs;

* Some important characteristics of a good scientists: interest, curiosity, objectivity, flexibility, openness, creativity.

* It means studying the nature and laws of things rather than talking those things for granted.

* The most important quality a scientists should possess is to be inquisitive. Next would be patience and persistence.

* A good scientist needs to have an enquiring mind, and should question everything he/she is told.

Clean Air Act of 1999

I read about the clean air act of 1999, and I want to share it. So this is the story about;

Among other things, this act directs oil companies to eliminate the use of toxic elements from their fuels to minimize air pollution. The bill specifically prohibits companies to sell gasoline fuel that contains more than 45 percent benzene. Both are toxic elements. The Clean Act of 1999 was also seeks to gradually phase out, within the next five years, leaded gasoline, and with it, all kinds of vehicles using leaded gasoline.

Thermal Inversion

Thermal inversion can also causing smog. Thermal inversion is a change in weather conditions. It occurs when a layer of warm air lies under a layer of cool air. This condition prevents the smog from rising. Geographical barriers like mountains also prevent smog from rising.

Pollution

Pollution is anything that disrupts the order of things in nature. It can be natural or artificial The red tide phenomenon, volcanic eruptions, and the like are natural pollutions. But as people continue to search a better life, various types of man-made pollution, such as radiation fall out, forest denudation, and eutrophication (decay of organisms causing reduction in oxygen supply in an area) have also occurred. Erosion, siltation, wildlife extinction, and thermal inversion are naturally occurring phenomena hastened by people's abuse of resources.

Foreign Biolgist

Hi, I just want to share with you my studies yesterday about some Foreign Biologist (Theory of Evolution/ Natural Selection).

Charles Darwin - explored Evolution

On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural.

1. Francis Crick & James Watson - reed prizes for work on the DNA model used technique called X-ray crystallogy.

2. Gregor Mendel - Father of Genetics

3. Carolus Linnaeus - Father of Taxonomy, Binomial System of Nomen Clature, conceptalized the 1st effective classification system among living things. He used a method known Binomial Nomen Clature or two term naming system divided all plants into classes, order and species.

4. Louis Pasteur - Develop the 1st vaccine against rabies. Father of Bacteriology ( Pasteurization )

5. Fedrich G. Banting / J.J.R Macleod - Novel Prize of Medicine
Macleod - Discovery of Insulin

6. Robert Koch - Discovery of Bacteria causing anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera.

7. Joseph Lister - Anti-septic surgery

8. Barbara Mcclintock - Individual genes can be mobile w/in the set of chromosomes arranges dividing recombination.

9. Ian Wilnut - Cloning Organisms to allow cells reproduction

10. Craig Ventner - Human Genome Project
11. William Baylias / Enert Starling - Discover on Hormones in 1902

12. Albert Sabin - Discover a vaccine against polio virus.

13. Anton Van Leewenhoek - used a simple microscope to discover microorganisms such as bacteria.

14. Andreas Vesalius - "Father of Modern Anatomy"

15. Wilhelm Johausen - used the word "gene" to describe chromosomes

16. Rudolf Virchow - "Father of Modern Pathology" Contribute to the cell theory.

17. Alexander Fleming - Bacteriologist, penicillin, an antibiotic.

18. Willian Harvey - Discover mechanics of Human Blood.br />

Cell Structure & Function

The cell is as fundamental to biology as the atom is to chemistry. A study of biology usually considers looking into the structure of functions of cells because the cell is the main unit of life. It is the simplest collection of matter that can live. Indeed there are diverse forms of life existing as singled cell organism including plants and animals are multi cellular their body are cooperatives of many kinds of specialized cell s that could not survivor long in their own. However even when they are arrange into higher levels of organization such as tissue and organ, cell can be single out as the organism basic units of structure and function.

Static Electricity

A Lightning Conductor is a metal rod joined to a wire that goes into the ground. In a thunderstorm, the rod helps the electrict charge to leak away safely. But if lightning does strike the rod, the electricity travels quickly down the wire to the ground without touching the building.

Earth Space

This is what the Earth looks like from Space. It is blue because that is the colour of the sea, and sea covers most of the Earth.

Dairy Products

Cheese is produced naturally by the action of Lactobacilli and streptococci. These bacteria cause sourness in milk products. Dairy production is dependent on the microorganisms involved. Specific microorganisms like Lactobacillus acidophilus, are added to milk after pasteurization. Lactobacillus acidophilus produce sour milk and cottage cheese. Cheddar cheese are products of Streptococcus lactis while yoghurt is produced from coconut milk and skim milk mixture using Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Such products like sour milk, butter yoghurt, and cheese usually result from the action these microorganism.

Biology In Our Daily Life

Biology as a science of life is crucial not only to scientist but to the whole world. Many Biologist say that biology in itself is their life.

Biology is everywhere in your lives. When you wake up every morning the nerves and muscles of your eyes and body seem to wake up with you. Your gastrocnemius (largest muscle in the calf of your leg) contracts every time you walk to school. During recess, your digestive system works by processing food through wavelike muscle contractions. Biology governs bodily processes even when you are sleep.

Every morning you probably have eggs, milk, rice, and some meat for breakfast. These foods products came from plants and animals from controlled ecosystem which include poultry farm, ranches, rice fields, and fish pens. As you eat your food, you automatically came consumer in the food chain.

Here I Am! (Rub your magic 8 gently)

Hi Guys, friends and followers. Sorry for not updating my blog for how many months. Today i'm back. Stayed tune.Thanks!

Difference in Density of Adjoining Water Masses

You have learned what happens when two adjoining fluid masses differ in density. The denser mass sinks beneath the less dense mass.

The densities of water masses depend on two factors: (a) temperature and (b) salt content. Consider the four water samples at right. Their volume is expressed in liters, temperature in Celsius degrees, and salinity in parts per thousand (%0).

Size

How large is the object? Size is described subjectively by "large and small" And objectively by dimensions. But a description is more likely to meaningful if it is comparative. For instance, "The boo, nine by six by three inches thick, (9x6x3), is the same lenght and width as your textbook but more than twice as thick" is more descriptive than either of the following. "The book is a large one" or "The book is 9 inches by six inches by 3 inches.

Hands Up!

In our daily lives, our hands sure come in handly. We use them to draw, play instruments, make crafts, and even just greet each other with high-fives! Since most of our actions involve our hands, we think its time we give a big hand to our hardworking hands.

Women's Day

Month's to recall. Month of March is a Women's Day. Remember that on all march day serve as a reminder of the fields in which women must still battle for fundamental rights, and where they remain victims of violence and enduring inequalities.

Oryza Sative or Rice

Rice is very dear to Asians. For over 7,000 tears it has been cultivated. Scientist from the world over work hand-in-hand in developing fast-growing and highly yielding varieties which are resistant to diseases.

Rice after all is food for over 700 million people.

Isn't it?

Cloud

Cloud is composed of particles of liquid water or ice which are so tiny that they remain floating in air.

Clouds are formed by the cooling and condensation of layer of moist air appears as sheets or layers.

Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of science that deals with the study of weather on a day-to-day basis. Weather is the generally condition of the atmosphere over a particular place was probably made by meteorologist. A meteorologist is a person who studies the weather. Meteorologist needs many kinds of data before the weather can be predicted. The ability to make accurate weather forecast is directly related to the speed at which large amount of data can be analyzed. This is where the greatest advances have been made during the past few decades. By contrast, the accuracy of measuring instruments has not changed greatly.

Energy Conservation

Is any behavior that results in the use in the less energy. It means wise and efficent use of sources. It is necessary to conserve energy come from nonrenerable. Energy can be saved by having a properlifestyle. Energy conservation also means pollution is reduced.

The Activities of Science

You may not realize it, but science is all around you. You encounter science in the performance of your daily activities. For example, when you "make a guess" about which brand of soap is best suited for your type of skin. then "test" different brands of soap, and use you "observation" to choose and right brand, you are following a method of solving a problem. When you try different ways of serving a volleyball to throw it across the other side of the court, you are testing different solutions to a problem. These are just some examples of science activities you do in your everyday life.

Hello

To all my new friends that links me already, sorry for not updating my blog now to add your link also. May be next time if I have a long running time to update .Please forgive me now I just only do a visit and check my blogs by reading all your message so that next time I know already what should I do first. Sorry again see you around next time .

Acne and Acne Treatments

Sometimes my daughter have an acne problem. Am worried about it. So I bring her to our doctor. After the check-up we go the drugstore to buy for the treatment that the doctor prescribes. Sad to say after a months the doctors prescribe doesn't work.

Until my friend recommend me about this product "murad acne".And because our doctors prescribe wasn't work I decided to buy and try it.Its great am happy that it is working my daughters skin is back to normal and very clear. "Acne complex"is very nice to use .

So by now if ever my family have an acne problem, I'd rather buy "murad acne complex
"products. You won't feel dryness, even irritation, and it wasn't hurting to our skin. Try to use it if you have acne or skin problems.